Even though the information concerning
the distribution of species is not complete, it remains
evident that on Earth the wealth of these species increases
from the poles to the equator. Species diversity increases
with the amount of solar energy, the climate’s stability
and the available surface, according to a model of distribution
known as the “pyramid of biodiversity”. These
three parameters are integrated above all into a limited
area corresponding to the tropical rain forests, where the
biodiversity, deduced from annual productivity, is twice
that of temperate regions. (Dallai R., 2005).
As one goes from the equator towards the poles, one finds
more and more numerous populations but a reduction in the
number of species. Moreover, biodiversity decreases with
altitude; it also changes depending on rainfall and on the
amount of nutritious substances.
The sea, apparently homogeneous, veils a biodiversity that
in certain zones challenges the species wealth of emerged
lands.(Márquez, G. 1996).
In the sea ecosystems the distribution of species depends
on certain parameters such as: temperature, salinity, sunlight
penetration, gas percentage and dissolved substances, hydrostatic
pressure, dynamism of water and type of substratum (for
benthonics organisms).
(© 2005 Martino
Coppola di Canzano)
In general we can say that biodiversity is reduced in transient
communities, exploited or exposed to very variable conditions.
Therefore this biodiversity is maximum in regions such as
the tropical indo-pacific, where the ecological conditions
are stable, with an absence of glaciation or tectonic disturbances
from remote times (Márquez, G. 1996).
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